Influence Factors in Students’ Motivation for Communicative Competence in English: A Case Study in Saudi Arabia

The study intends to examine how motivation influences Saudi students’ communicative competence in English as a foreign language. A questionnaire blending select items from Gardner’s Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) and various other motivational strategies was prepared and administered on two groups of students from different colleges and on EFL teachers at Jazan University, Saudi Arabia. Based on an extensive review of the concurrent research and literature, this work tries to define and discuss the concept of communicative competence and how motivation is affected by several factors - students’ integrativeness, students’ attitudes toward their teacher and course, and motivational intensity. Factors including teachers’ communicative style, teaching strategies supporting motivation, curriculum, course material and class activities also affect directly students’ motivation and communicative competence. Based on the research results, the article provides a basis for discussion and research into the use of the blended and collaborative learning learner-centered approach and assimilation of motivational strategies by EFL teachers to develop and improve learners’ communicative competence that eventually opens boulevards for future research in the related fields. Keywords: Communicative competence, motivation, teaching strategie

Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms and For Whom the Bell Tolls: Two Sides of a Coin

The article investigates how Ernest Hemingway’s works A Farewell to Arms and For Whom the Bell Tolls, known as classics of American literature, are similar in varied aspects. This comparative-analytical study attempts to identify essential features of each novel and to explain how these integrate and complement each other. Here we adopt the qualitative descriptive approach as a methodological tool to obtain data to compare and contrast the novels from varied perspectives. Several articles and books of the novels are examined to comprehend about thematical, biographical, and diachronic aspects of the novels. Besides, it also explores more the setting of novels (war), the eternal love, autobiographic nature, characterization, language, and plotting style, and how the two characters meet their tragic end to prove both novels as two sides of a coin. Also, it answers how some features weave two novels together. The explanation expects that Hemingway's works, written in a distinct writing style and with a focus on topics, will continue to capture and connect with modern readers, as well as contribute to world literature

Memory, Media, and Modernity in Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie: A Twenty-first Century Perspective

This article explores how effectively Tennessee Williams in The Glass Menagerie uses ‘memory’ to add new dramatic elements by recounting historical occurrences, ‘media’ to accurately depict people’s circumstances and an authentic picture of society, and ‘modernity’ through his characters that affected their lives in the play. In this study, a descriptive study design with a component of qualitative analysis is used to find out answers to three research questions based on “memory, media and modernity” in The Glass Menagerie, and get a credible solution to strengthen our arguments. The in-depth analysis reveals Williams’ concerns about middle-class people, society, and the office’s authority during this era of transition. Additionally, it underscores how The Glass Menagerie incorporates shards of memories, media, and modernity to exhibit a congenial depiction of a modern spirit that Williams shares with the common people and readers whose voices he intercepts. The article intends to see how far Williams accomplished his objectives in portraying the deterioration of values, culture, traditions, and socio-economic problems to bring new force and genre to American drama. The in-depth analysis is sufficient to deem the play a quintessential, play for readers of all ages, a “Plastic Glass” genre that blends the middle class, experiences, characters’ displays, and cultures. Finally, the discussion proves that the new genre is enlivened by the common people and eternal survivors of the 21st century

Motivation to Work of Teacher Educators at Elementary Level of Teacher Education Institution

Motivation to work denotes the directs aptitude and persistence of an individual’s behaviour in understanding the task. The objective of the study was to compare teachers’ motivation to work in the elementary level teacher education institutions due to the categorical variables like gender (male and female), teaching experience (more than 5 years teaching experience & less than 5 years teaching experience), type of management (Government and Self-financed) and locale (urban & rural). Descriptive survey method has been adopted in the present study. A sample of 100 teacher educators were randomly selected of which 50 teachers were from Government and 50 teachers were from self-financed institutions. The major variable is motivation to work and categorical variables are gender, teaching experience, types of management and locale. The finding revealed that there is no significant difference in motivation to work of teacher educators in relation to gender variation but significant difference in relation to teaching experience, type of management and locale variations

Common Fixed Point Theorem for R-Weakly Commuting Pairs of Mappings In Fuzzy Metric Space

In this paper, we prove common fixed point theorem for R- weakly commuting mapping in fuzzy metric space, finally we established results  in fuzzy metric space by taking different inequality in order to reduce the minimum value

Alveolar soft part sarcoma masquerading as lipoma: a case report

We report herein, a rare case of a 14-year-old child with alveolar soft part sarcoma. The patient initially noticed a progressively growing mass over medial side of right distal thigh. Although clinically the swelling appeared to be lipoma, the needle biopsy confirmed it to be alveolar soft part sarcoma. Patient was managed by wide excision, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy

Outcome analysis of percutaneous tenotomy in chronic lateral epicondylitis elbow of greater than 6 months duration

Background: Lateral epicondylitis elbow is a self-limiting condition with an unclear pathology. Conservative therapy is treatment of choice in lateral epicondylitis elbow but chronic lateral epicondylitis elbow (>6 month) is a condition difficult to treat. Percutaneous extensor tendon release can be a viable treatment option in such conditions.Methods: This prospective study was conducted in 2016 to 2017 at the Department of Orthopaedics Surgery in a tertiary care institute. 30 patients were treated by percutaneous tenotomy.  The outcome was assessed at follow ups using numerical rating scale (NRS), disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand questionnaire (DASH) and Oxford scores.Results: 30 elbows were included in this study. They were managed by percutaneous method (PT; n=30). The mean age of patients was 41.74 years (range 26-67 years). Females were affected more than males in both groups (3:1).    Dominant limb was involved in 86% of patients.73% of females were house wives exposed to household chores and manual activities while 40% of males were manual workers.  Mean hospital stay was 35 minutes (range 20-43 minutes). Patients were followed up at 3 month and 6 month post intervention. NRS, DASH, Oxford score assessment showed that all the scores were significantly decreased (p<0.05) at 3 month and 6 month in patients undergoing percutaneous tenotomy. Conclusions: Lateral epicondylitis >6 month duration is difficult to treat. Percutaneous tenotomy is effective modality of treatment in such conditions

ANALOGY OF MODERN CHEMICAL PROCESSES WITH PRINCIPLES OF ‘RASA SHASTRA' OF AYURVEDIC MEDICINE SYSTEM

Ayurveda is basically a medical science but different branches of science were nurtured by it like biology, genetics, microbiology, clinical medicine, surgery, astronomy, pharmaceutics and metallurgy etc. In this traditional therapeutic system, various categories of formulations have been described in official and traditional literature. Similar to modern system of therapeutics, various units operations were adopted in developing various dosage forms to obtain the desired effect upto the optimum time. Every step has been explained in detail in traditional literature and sight modifications have also been mentioned in some texts. Besides these, numbers of metals, their alloys, metallurgy etc. have also been elaborated for the well being of the society. Hitherto, ‘Rasayan’ (chemistry) and the associated studies were also familiar in ancient time. Various chemical like common salt, alkali, borax and compounds of elements like Fe, Cu, Hg and Au etc., were commonly used from in that period and the techniques for making alloys of bronze, brass, and bell metal etc. were also very common. The applicability of natural preservatives like oil, salt and sugar were also much known in ancient time. However; the terms used as stated in traditional literature were not similar to modern time. Also, the alcoholic and acidic fermented products were prepared very commonly. The present study has been focused to assess the similarity of chemical terms mentioned in literature with modern science and technology

RASAYANA: THE REJUVENATING REMEDY FOR HEALTH

Gradual increase of Population in urban area may leads to environmental pollution and microbial infection in air and water increases exponentially. Most of the persons in the population are in trap of mental stress and depression due to struggle in the life and overload of work. So both of these conditions are responsible for so many disease and ill-health, and one more important thing is that due to increase negligence and uninhabited use of processed food, the ill effects on health are compound manifold when coupled with unhealthy lifestyle and food habits. So there is a need of taking dietary supplementary food or nutraceutical. The main aim of Ayurveda has been working upon a twofold process i.e., to maintain the health of a healthy individual and to treat the one with the disease. Thus by laying emphasis on the first aspect and combining it with the knowledge of the role of phytochemical as, one can gradually deduce an effective module for living healthy and line of treatment of metabolic and geriatric disorders. The phytochemical are the essential nutrients, which are naturally contained in plants and are required for normal physiological functions. The Rasayan not only boost general health but also provide the necessary raw materials to strengthen the defense mechanism of the body.